GitLab Security Essentials - Hands-On Lab: Enable and Configure Coverage-Guided Fuzz Testing

Estimated time to complete: 15 to 20 minutes

Objectives

This lab demonstrates coverage-guided fuzz testing, which looks for bugs in a single function in your code. Web API fuzz testing works similarly, but is not covered here.

Fuzz testing tries to cause unexpected behaviors in your code. Any unexpected exceptions or crashes could indicate bugs or potential security issues that may need to be addressed. Fuzz testing often catches problems that other QA processes miss.

A fuzz test sends data to a function in your code. It uses program instrumentation to trace which lines of your code are exercised by that input, and uses this information to make informed decisions about how to mutate future inputs in order to exercise as much of the function’s code as possible.

You must define a separate CI/CD pipeline job for each function you want to fuzz test. That said, if the function in your code-under-test calls other functions, the fuzz test will catch problems that occur anywhere in the call stack. In this lab you’ll fuzz test just 1 function.

Here’s a high-level description of the fuzz testing workflow in GitLab:

1. A CI/CD job runs gitlab-cov-fuzz, a GitLab command line utility, which in turn, runs a fuzzer. The fuzzer generates data and sends it to the fuzz target. The fuzz target sends that data to the code-under-test. The collection of all data sent to the fuzz target is called a “corpus.”

2. If the code-under-test processes the data successfully (i.e., without throwing unexpected errors or crashing), the fuzzer tracks which lines of the code-under-test were exercised by that input. The fuzzer then generates mutations of the data in the corpus to exercise different parts of the code-under-test. It sends that new, mutated input to the fuzz target, repeating the cycle.

3. If any input data causes an unexpected error or crash in the code-under-test, that problem is sent back to the fuzzer, which reports it to the gitlab-cov-fuzz utility, which passes it to the CI/CD pipeline as a potential bug in the code-under-test. That problem then appears in the GitLab GUI, under the Security tab on the pipeline details page.

Here’s a picture of the same workflow:

flowchart TD
    A(CI/CD job) <--send command to start job<br> return info on unhandled exceptions/crashes--> B(gitlab-cov-fuzz)
    B <-- send command to run fuzzing<br>return info and unhandled exceptions/crashes --> C(Fuzzer)
    C -- send data--> D(Fuzz Target)
    D -- send data--> E(Code-Under-Test)
    E -- return coverage info and info on unhandled exceptions or crashes --> C

Prerequisites

1. Open your browser to the Security Labs project that you created in Lab 1.

   If you closed the tab or lost the link, open a browser tab and start typing https://gitlab.com/gitlab-learn-labs in your URL if you are in Self-Paced Training, or https://ilt.gitlabtraining.cloud if you are in Instructor-Lead Training, and the project should appear in your history.

2. Before beginning this lab and all later labs, you should disable any jobs and scanners that you enabled in previous labs to speed up pipeline runtime. You should have already completed this at the end of Lab 3. You do not need to disable Lab 4 License Scanning.

Task A. Write the Test Code

Fuzz testing sends random inputs to parts of an application in an effort to cause unexpected behavior. To demonstrate this process, let’s create a simple function to test.

1. This is the code that the fuzz tester will scan for bugs. Paste this Python function into a new file called codeundertest.py in the root of your project.

   def is_third_byte_zero(my_bytes):
       """Return True if and only if the third byte passed in is 0."""
       return my_bytes[2] == 0  # start counting from 0, so "2" refers to the 3rd byte
   

   This code-under-test defines a function that expects to be passed a list of bytes. If the third byte in that list is 0, the code returns the value True.

   There’s a bug in this code-under-test: it doesn’t check to make sure you passed in at least 3 bytes. If you pass it fewer than 3 bytes, an error will occur when the code looks for, but can’t find, the third byte. Different languages will do different things in this situation, but Python will throw an unexpected IndexError. That error could cause problems in whatever code calls this function, so this behavior is considered to be a bug. Fuzz testing is a great tool to find this bug.

2. Commit the new file with an appropriate commit message.

Task B. Write the Fuzz Target

Fuzz testing is the only type of GitLab scanning that requires you to write code: the fuzz target. The fuzz target you see below only works with the specific code-under-test for this lab. Fuzz targets for different code-under-test would look slightly different.

1. Paste this Python fuzz target code into a new file called FuzzTarget.py in the root of your project. The comments explain each line of the fuzz target code.

   from codeundertest import is_third_byte_zero  # import function to be tested
   from pythonfuzz.main import PythonFuzz        # import fuzz test infrastructure
   
   # The fuzz engine calls a function called `fuzz` in the fuzz target and
   # passes it random bytes, so we need to define a function with that name,
   # and that function must accept 1 parameter.
   
   @PythonFuzz                           # Python decorator required by fuzz test infrastructure
   def fuzz(random_bytes):               # Accept random data...
       is_third_byte_zero(random_bytes)  # ...and pass it on to the code-under-test.
   
   if __name__ == '__main__':            # required by fuzz test infrastructure
       fuzz()
   

   This fuzz target is typical for Python-based fuzz testing. See the GitLab documentation for instructions on writing fuzz targets for other languages.

2. Commit the new FuzzTarget.py with an appropriate commit message.

Task C. Enable and Configure Fuzz Testing

1. Define a new stage called fuzz by pasting this line at the end of the existing stages: section of .gitlab-ci.yml. Be sure to indent it correctly.

   stages:
   # - build
   - test
   # - dast
   - fuzz
   

2. Enable fuzz testing by pasting this template into the existing include: section of .gitlab-ci.yml. Be sure to indent it correctly.

   include:
   # - template: Security/SAST.gitlab-ci.yml
   # - template: Security/Secret-Detection.gitlab-ci.yml
   # - template: DAST.gitlab-ci.yml
   # - template: Security/Container-Scanning.gitlab-ci.yml
   - template: Coverage-Fuzzing.gitlab-ci.yml
   

3. Configure fuzz testing by defining a new job in .gitlab-ci.yml.

   fuzz-test-is-third-byte-zero:
     extends: .fuzz_base  # This anchor is defined in the template included above.
     image: python:latest    # This image must be able to run the code-under-test.
     script:
       # Install the fuzz engine from a GitLab-hosted PyPi repo.
       - pip install --extra-index-url https://gitlab.com/api/v4/projects/19904939/packages/pypi/simple pythonfuzz
   
       # Run a language-agnostic binary, specifying the type of fuzz engine,
       # the root of the project, and the fuzz target.
       - ./gitlab-cov-fuzz run --engine pythonfuzz --project-path ./ -- FuzzTarget.py
   

   Fuzz test job definitions, like fuzz targets, look a little different depending on what language they’re testing. See the documentation for instructions on writing fuzz test job definitions for other languages.

4. Commit the edits to .gitlab-ci.yml with an appropriate commit message.

Task D. Review the results

1. Watch the pipeline run after you’ve committed changes to .gitlab-ci.yml. It might take up to 3 minutes to finish.

2. When the pipeline completes, click Build > Artifacts.

3. Click on the fuzz-test-is-third-byte-zero job.

4. On this screen, you will see a summary of the fuzz job. On this screen, you can see the fuzz test that was run against the is_third_byte_zero function. Notice that the output includes a bytearray index out of range error.

Course Labs Completed

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